THE ROLE OF EDUCATION ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES MORTALITY RATES: THE COVID-19 CASE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24325/issn.2446-5763.v8i22p117-131Palavras-chave:
COVID-19, Infectious diseases, Education, Average age, ModerationResumo
The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the global medical community and government officials. This study aimed to verify whether the level of education influences COVID-19 mortality rates considering the population’s average age since elderly patients are more likely to have adverse outcomes from the disease. The study used secondary data on education presented in the GCR 2019. Also, data on COVID-19 and the average age of the population was obtained from the Worldometer platform, examining a sample of 133 countries. The results show that high levels of education tend to mitigate the effect of the average age of the population on the number of deaths per million inhabitants, indicating that education, regardless of age, makes people more prepared to avoid COVID-19.
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Referências
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Dowd, J. B., Andriano, L., Brazel, D. M., Rotondi, V., Block, P., Ding, X., … Mills, M. C. (2020). Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(18), 9696–9698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004911117
Dudel, C., Riffe, T., Acosta, E., van Raalte, A., Strozza, C., & Myrskylä, M. (2020). Monitoring trends and differences in COVID-19 case-fatality rates using decomposition methods: Contributions of age structure and age-specific fatality. PLOS ONE, 15(9), e0238904. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.20048397
Esteve, A., Permanyer, I., Boertien, D., & Vaupel, J. W. (2020). National age and coresidence patterns shape COVID-19 vulnerability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(28), 16118–16120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008764117
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Montez, J. K., Hummer, R. A., & Hayward, M. D. (2012). Educational Attainment and Adult Mortality in the United States: A Systematic Analysis of Functional Form. Demography, 49(1), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0082-8
Nepomuceno, M. R., Acosta, E., Alburez-Gutierrez, D., Aburtod, J. M., Aburtod, J. M., Gagnon, A., … Turra, C. M. (2020). Besides population age structure, health and other demographic factors can contribute to understanding the COVID-19 burden. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(25), 13881–13883. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008760117
Olshansky, S. J., Antonucci, T., Berkman, L., Binstock, R. H., Boersch-Supan, A., Cacioppo, J. T., … Rowe, J. (2012). Differences in life expectancy due to race and educational differences are widening, and many may not catch up. Health Affairs, 31(8), 1803–1813. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0746
Onder, G., Rezza, G., & Brusaferro, S. (2020). Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(18), 1775–1776. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4683
Pioli, M., Pires, R. H., Ramos, S. B., Martins, C. H., Aparecido, L. E. de O., & Zaia, J. E. (2016). Influência de fatores de risco na mortalidade por doenças infecciosas e parasitárias. Revista Saúde e Pesquisa, 9(3), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.17765/1983-1870.2016v9n3p491-498
Schoeni, R. F., Dow, W. H., Miller, W. D., & Pamuk, E. R. (2011). The economic value of improving the health of disadvantaged americans. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(1 SUPPL. 1), S67–S72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.032
Schwab, K. (2019). The Global Competitiveness Report 2019. World Economic Forum. Geneva: World Economic Forum. https://doi.org/ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-73-9
Shim, E., Tariq, A., Choi, W., Lee, Y., & Chowell, G. (2020). Transmission potential and severity of COVID-19 in South Korea. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 93, 339–344.
Sun, Z., Yang, B., Zhang, R., & Cheng, X. (2020). Influencing factors of understanding covid-19 risks and coping behaviors among the elderly population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165889
Tantrakarnapa, K., Bhopdhornangkul, B., & Nakhaapakorn, K. (2020). Influencing factors of COVID-19 spreading: a case study of Thailand. Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice, https://do. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01329-5
Usman, I. M., Ssempijja, F., Ssebuufu, R., Lemuel, A. M., Archibong, V. B., Ayikobua, E. T., … Kasozi, K. I. (2020). Community Drivers Affecting Adherence to WHO Guidelines Against COVID-19 Amongst Rural Ugandan Market Vendors. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, Article 340. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00340
Verity, R., Okell, L. C., Dorigatti, I., Winskill, P., Whittaker, C., Imai, N., … Ferguson, N. M. (2020). Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(6), 669–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30243-7
Worldometer. (2020). Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Pandemic. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Yang, J., Zheng, Y., Gou, X., Pu, K., Chen, Z., Guo, Q., … Zhou, Y. (2020). Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94, 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017
Zimmerman, E. B., Woolf, S. H., Blackburn, S. M., Kimmel, A. D., Barnes, A. J., & Bono, R. S. (2018). The Case for Considering Education and Health. Urban Education, 53(6), 744–773. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916682572
Böckerman, P., & Maczulskij, T. (2016). The Education-health Nexus: Fact and fiction. Social Science and Medicine, 150, 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.12.036
Cutler, D. M., Lleras-Muney, A., & Vogl, T. (2012). Socioeconomic Status and Health: Dimensions and Mechanisms (NBER Working Paper Series No. 14333). The Oxford Handbook of Health Economics. Cambridge, MA. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238828.013.0007
Davies, N. G., Klepac, P., Liu, Y., Prem, K., Jit, M., Pearson, C. A. B., … Eggo, R. M. (2020). Age-dependent effects in the transmission and control of COVID-19 epidemics. Nature Medicine, 26(8), 1205–1211. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0962-9
Diaz-Quijano, F. A., Martínez-Vega, R. A., Rodriguez-Morales, A. J., Rojas-Calero, R. A., Luna-González, M. L., & Díaz-Quijano, R. G. (2018). Association between the level of education and knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding dengue in the Caribbean region of Colombia. BMC Public Health, 18(143), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5055-z
Dowd, J. B., Andriano, L., Brazel, D. M., Rotondi, V., Block, P., Ding, X., … Mills, M. C. (2020). Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(18), 9696–9698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004911117
Dudel, C., Riffe, T., Acosta, E., van Raalte, A., Strozza, C., & Myrskylä, M. (2020). Monitoring trends and differences in COVID-19 case-fatality rates using decomposition methods: Contributions of age structure and age-specific fatality. PLOS ONE, 15(9), e0238904. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.20048397
Esteve, A., Permanyer, I., Boertien, D., & Vaupel, J. W. (2020). National age and coresidence patterns shape COVID-19 vulnerability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(28), 16118–16120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008764117
Guo, W., Li, M., Dong, Y., Zhou, H., Zhang, Z., Tian, C., … Hu, D. (2020). Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 36(7), https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3319. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3319
Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis : a regression-based approach. (T. D. Little, Ed.) (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Lakhani, A. (2020). Which Melbourne Metropolitan Areas Are Vulnerable to COVID-19 Based on Age, Disability, and Access to Health Services? Using Spatial Analysis to Identify Service Gaps and Inform Delivery. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 60(1), e41–e44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.03.041
Levin, H., Belfield, C., Muennig, P., & Rouse, C. (2007). The Costs and Benefits of an Excellent Education for America’s Children. New York, NY.
Martins, G., Boranga, J. A., Latorre, M. do R. D. de O., Pereira, H. A. dos S. L., & ABES, A. B. de E. S. e A. (2002). Impacto do saneamento básico na saúde da população de Itapetininga - SP, de 1980 a 1997. Engenharia Sanitária Ambiental, 4, 161–188.
Mehta, P., McAuley, D. F., Brown, M., Sanchez, E., Tattersall, R. S., & Manson, J. J. (2020). COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. The Lancet, 395(10229), 1033–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
Montez, J. K., Hummer, R. A., & Hayward, M. D. (2012). Educational Attainment and Adult Mortality in the United States: A Systematic Analysis of Functional Form. Demography, 49(1), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0082-8
Nepomuceno, M. R., Acosta, E., Alburez-Gutierrez, D., Aburtod, J. M., Aburtod, J. M., Gagnon, A., … Turra, C. M. (2020). Besides population age structure, health and other demographic factors can contribute to understanding the COVID-19 burden. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(25), 13881–13883. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008760117
Olshansky, S. J., Antonucci, T., Berkman, L., Binstock, R. H., Boersch-Supan, A., Cacioppo, J. T., … Rowe, J. (2012). Differences in life expectancy due to race and educational differences are widening, and many may not catch up. Health Affairs, 31(8), 1803–1813. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0746
Onder, G., Rezza, G., & Brusaferro, S. (2020). Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(18), 1775–1776. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4683
Pioli, M., Pires, R. H., Ramos, S. B., Martins, C. H., Aparecido, L. E. de O., & Zaia, J. E. (2016). Influência de fatores de risco na mortalidade por doenças infecciosas e parasitárias. Revista Saúde e Pesquisa, 9(3), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.17765/1983-1870.2016v9n3p491-498
Schoeni, R. F., Dow, W. H., Miller, W. D., & Pamuk, E. R. (2011). The economic value of improving the health of disadvantaged americans. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(1 SUPPL. 1), S67–S72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.032
Schwab, K. (2019). The Global Competitiveness Report 2019. World Economic Forum. Geneva: World Economic Forum. https://doi.org/ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-73-9
Shim, E., Tariq, A., Choi, W., Lee, Y., & Chowell, G. (2020). Transmission potential and severity of COVID-19 in South Korea. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 93, 339–344.
Sun, Z., Yang, B., Zhang, R., & Cheng, X. (2020). Influencing factors of understanding covid-19 risks and coping behaviors among the elderly population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165889
Tantrakarnapa, K., Bhopdhornangkul, B., & Nakhaapakorn, K. (2020). Influencing factors of COVID-19 spreading: a case study of Thailand. Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice, https://do. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01329-5
Usman, I. M., Ssempijja, F., Ssebuufu, R., Lemuel, A. M., Archibong, V. B., Ayikobua, E. T., … Kasozi, K. I. (2020). Community Drivers Affecting Adherence to WHO Guidelines Against COVID-19 Amongst Rural Ugandan Market Vendors. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, Article 340. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00340
Verity, R., Okell, L. C., Dorigatti, I., Winskill, P., Whittaker, C., Imai, N., … Ferguson, N. M. (2020). Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(6), 669–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30243-7
Worldometer. (2020). Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Pandemic. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Yang, J., Zheng, Y., Gou, X., Pu, K., Chen, Z., Guo, Q., … Zhou, Y. (2020). Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94, 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017
Zimmerman, E. B., Woolf, S. H., Blackburn, S. M., Kimmel, A. D., Barnes, A. J., & Bono, R. S. (2018). The Case for Considering Education and Health. Urban Education, 53(6), 744–773. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916682572
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2022-05-03
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Barrichello, A., Morano, R. S., Jacomossi, R. R., & Feldmann, P. R. (2022). THE ROLE OF EDUCATION ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES MORTALITY RATES: THE COVID-19 CASE. South American Development Society Journal, 8(22), 117. https://doi.org/10.24325/issn.2446-5763.v8i22p117-131
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